Latest Interviews

The future of the energy industry: Goldman Sachs leaders discuss

Neil Mehta, Sarah Kiernan, Daan Struyven, Don

Global oil demand surged to a record high in 2023 and is projected to reach 107 million barrels per day by the end of the decade, driven by emerging market growth and a post-pandemic travel rebound despite a historical investment deficit. As the energy transition introduces market volatility through intermittent renewable generation and rising capital costs, major oil and gas producers are pivoting toward decarbonization strategies like hydrogen development and carbon capture rather than entering the utility sector. Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs' commodities division is supporting clients by managing price risk exposure and facilitating access to capital markets for these evolving energy projects.

Should Your Startup Bootstrap or Raise Venture Capital?

Dalton Caldwell, Michael Seibel

This discussion clarifies that venture capital is a specialized instrument designed exclusively for hyper-growth businesses capable of delivering 100x to 1,000x returns, rather than a standard path for the vast majority of commercial ventures. While bootstrapping often offers superior work-life balance and profitability for traditional enterprises, the conversation notes that no trillion-dollar software company has historically been built without institutional funding to support massive infrastructure costs. Finally, the analysis dismisses the public "bootstrap vs. VC" debate as engagement-driven content designed to provoke emotion, urging founders to evaluate funding based on specific mathematical requirements rather than perceived moral superiority.

Is AI the future of movie-making?

Generative AI startups like Runway are deploying text-to-video tools that condense days of visual effects work into seconds, enabling users to manipulate frames and virtual camera movements to create everything from indie shorts to potential feature films. While major tech giants are racing to launch their own generators and industry leaders predict AI will soon produce indistinguishable live-action content, current applications remain strongest in animation and sci-fi genres where photorealism is less critical. This technological shift is widely expected to democratize filmmaking by lowering costs and diversifying storytellers, even as it sparks ethical debates regarding the displacement of traditional actors and crew members.

Understanding OCaml Locals as a Mode (with Sub-Moding) | OCaml Unboxed

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This presentation introduces local and global modes in OCaml as a type system extension that governs memory lifetime and escape properties rather than value structure. The speaker details how these modes enforce safety by preventing local values from escaping their declaration scope while establishing a sub-mode relationship where global values can safely be treated as local. Additionally, the talk outlines four distinct, incompatible function arrow types that strictly regulate argument and result modes to prevent unintended memory escapes, with future work proposed to automate these annotations.

Tom Blomfield: How I Created Two Billion-Dollar Fintech Startups

Tom Blomfield

Monzo and GoCardless co-founder Tom Blomfield recounts his journey from scaling two major fintech giants to suffering severe burnout that forced him to step down during the 2020 pandemic. Following a year of recovery, he transitioned into full-time venture capital, rapidly expanding his angel portfolio before securing a leadership role at Y Combinator. Blomfield now leverages his experience mentoring new founders, emphasizing how creators can redefine societal structures to solve complex problems while avoiding the emotional volatility of CEO life.

David Solomon on the global economy, deal-making environment, and the firm’s strategic priorities

David Solomon, Alison Nathan

Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon outlines a 2024 economic outlook defined by reduced recession risk, persistently higher interest rates, and significant geopolitical headwinds from conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. Capital markets are projected to rebound from recent lows through a resurgence in M&A activity and private equity, driven by pent-up demand and upcoming refinancing waves. Meanwhile, corporate strategies are pivoting to balance energy security needs against sustainability goals while accelerating AI adoption to navigate complex regulatory landscapes and strengthen core banking franchises.

Annotating OCaml Variables and Returns with local_ | OCaml Unboxed

Jane Street is developing an experimental OCaml feature set that enforces strict region constraints through `local` annotations to optimize memory usage and eliminate escaping values. The system introduces the `exclave` keyword to terminate function regions early, enabling specific allocations in the caller's scope while preventing mutable references from capturing local data. Current implementation faces known pitfalls regarding return position rules and compiler error precision, with further refinements planned to address these sharp edges.

Moving from Founders Fund to Khosla with @Khosla Managing Director Keith Rabois

Keith Rabois, Harry Stebbings

After a five-year tenure at Founders Fund, the speaker rejoined Coastler Ventures, drawn by a persistent desire to return to the firm's rigorous collective debate model and deep technical education environment. Unlike the individual manager strategy previously employed, the new arrangement restores intensive weekly partner sessions where figures like David, Samir, and Vinod engage in structured arguments to sharpen analytical skills across financial, founder, and data science domains. This transition resolves a long-standing gap in professional development that the speaker had missed despite maintaining frequent co-investment activities with the original partners during their departure.

Do Technical Founders Need Business Co-Founders?

Dalton Caldwell, Michael Seibel

Technical founders can successfully launch major companies like Google and NVIDIA by personally handling business operations if they possess the necessary willingness rather than just technical skill. While a non-technical partner offers specific value in regulated industries requiring deep domain expertise, investor demands for business co-founders often signal a perceived lack of execution appetite rather than a coding gap. Consequently, technical entrepreneurs are advised to personally manage sales and fundraising or hire staff instead of assuming a business co-founder is a mandatory prerequisite for startup success.

Introducing the OCaml Local Mode | OCaml Unboxed

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Jane Street is refining the OCaml compiler's type system to introduce a "local mode" feature that enforces function parameters to remain within their execution scope, thereby preventing value escaping. This mechanism guarantees the isolation of mutations and facilitates safer resource management in callback patterns by ensuring local arguments cannot be stored or returned. While the feature remains experimental within the Jane Street branch, it aims to optimize allocation behavior for latency-sensitive code before potential upstream integration.

The World Ahead 2024: five stories to watch out for

Tom Standage, Chen Boyen

The 2024 global landscape is defined by simultaneous high-stakes political shifts, including the historic U.S. and Taiwanese elections that could alter cross-strait security and U.S. foreign policy trajectories. Concurrently, the eVTOL industry aims to launch commercial pilot services during the Paris Olympics while facing regulatory hurdles that prioritize safety over autonomy. Furthermore, the BRICS bloc is expanding to challenge the U.S.-led order through new financial mechanisms, even as AI regulation pivots toward addressing immediate algorithmic harms and industrial decarbonization accelerates via new thermal technologies.

Big Ideas 2024: The Consumer AI Battleground Moves from Model to UX with Alex Immerman

Alex Immerman, Steph

A16Z partners forecast that the 2024 consumer AI landscape will pivot from competing on proprietary foundation models to optimizing user experience and workflow integration, driven by the commoditization of AI infrastructure. Founders are advised to leverage third-party APIs and open-source tools to build defensible businesses through unique use cases, network effects, and high switching costs rather than attempting to develop base models. This strategic shift mirrors the 2010 mobile revolution, where superior interface design and deep workflow embedding, rather than raw technical capability, determined market leaders.

Big Ideas 2024: New Applications for Computer Vision and Video Intelligence with Kimberly Tan

Kimberly Tan

A16Z partners identified a pivotal 2024 thesis centered on applying computer vision to real-world industries, driven by the convergence of abundant video data, affordable edge computing, and transformer-based model innovation. Kimberly Tan highlighted the emergence of hybrid hardware-and-software business models, exemplified by Flock Safety, which are now expanding from residential safety into transportation, agriculture, and mining sectors to solve labor shortages. This shift enables natural language querying of visual data for efficiency and compliance while mitigating privacy risks through strict regulatory design and non-biometric tracking.

Big Ideas 2024: The Rise of the Developer as a Buyer in Financial Services with Angela Strange

Angela Strange

The financial services sector is undergoing a fundamental transformation where developers have emerged as influential buyers, driving a shift from legacy "marble" infrastructure to composable, code-based "as-a-service" architectures. This transition is accelerating the adoption of open-source libraries and generative AI tools to modernize the estimated 40% of banking code still running on COBOL, while open banking mandates in regions like the UK and Brazil are replacing fragmented systems with standardized APIs. Ultimately, these technological advancements aim to reduce infrastructure costs and improve product quality, creating new opportunities to serve the two billion people currently underserved by traditional banking models.

Planning portfolios for 2024: Goldman Sachs leaders discuss

Brittany Boals Moeller, Amal Alibair, Matt Weir

Financial strategists advise clients to lock in higher rates on long-term bonds and maintain a U.S. asset overweight due to superior institutional stability and GDP growth. The firm implements disciplined cash deployment tranches to mitigate inflation erosion while prioritizing private markets for persistent alpha, specifically targeting top-quartile managers and themes like supply chain infrastructure. This approach integrates multi-generational legacy planning with philanthropic goals, emphasizing early education and structural diversification to ensure long-term purchasing power.