Latest Interviews

Reshma Shetty Speaks at Y Combinator's Female Founders Conference 2016

Reshma Shetty

Founded in 2008 by Reshma Saujani and Tom Knight, Ginkgo Bioworks pioneered a platform that treats biology as an engineering discipline to manufacture cultured ingredients through rapid yeast fermentation. The company delayed venture capital until securing its first customers in 2012, eventually leveraging a Series A and B to scale a business model replacing traditional plant extraction. As the organization pursues its vision to become the "Intel of biology," it is simultaneously implementing a data-driven diversity strategy to address hiring gaps and broaden its workforce representation.

Common Sense from Uncommon Investors

Sarah, Mark, Kyle, Mitch, Michael

Managers from Causeway, Crescent, Hamana, and Canyon Capital analyze how passive investing strategies and post-2008 regulations have created significant pricing inefficiencies in cyclical equities, sovereign debt, and the shadow banking sector. Experts including Sarah of Causeway, Mark of Crescent, Kyle of Hamana, and Mitch of Canyon highlight specific structural risks in China's banking system and argue that volatility offers active managers opportunities to exploit mispriced assets while avoiding the "risk-free" illusion of state-backed debt. To capitalize on these anomalies, these firms prioritize hiring individuals who combine fundamental insight with complex capital structuring skills to navigate a fragile macroeconomic environment where traditional balance sheets are contracting.

David Benioff - Behind the Scenes of HBO's 'Game of Thrones': Talks at GS Session Highlights

David Benioff, Stephen Friedman

Co-creators David Benioff and Dan Weiss transformed *Game of Thrones* into the world's largest television production by expanding George R.R. Martin's universe from six countries and thousands of extras while navigating the unprecedented challenge of original storytelling beyond published books. Despite initial pilot setbacks, the team secured unprecedented control from HBO to forge new narrative paths for Season Six and beyond, marking a shift toward a series they consider their most proud work. The collaboration remains defined by Martin's unique mentorship, which continues to influence the writers' approach to complex character dynamics and historical fidelity as the show prepares for its eighth and final season.

Panel - Entrepreneurship and Building a Business: Talks at GS Session Highlights

Byron Dixon, Matt Riley, Lance Uggla, Michael Sherwood, Lance Ugler

Market.com CEO Lance Ugler, Daisy Group founder Matt Riley, and Microfresh leader Byron Dixon discussed how regulatory shifts and strategic location choices drive business growth while maintaining a "people first" culture. The panelists emphasized that true innovation involves changing operational methods rather than just products, highlighting intangible assets like work ethic and a family-like atmosphere as key competitive advantages. Despite the complexities of scaling publicly traded entities, the leaders stressed that remaining close to customers and staff is essential for sustaining long-term success and employee retention.

Gobble founder Ooshma Garg speaks at Female Founders Conference 2016

Ooshma Garg, Usma

Gobble founder Usma Garg pivoted her struggling food delivery startup from a failed on-demand marketplace to a successful subscription model after surviving a capital drought and rejecting early investor advice. Joining Y Combinator in 2015, Garg collaborated with executive chef Thomas Ricci to launch "Mise en Place" kitchen kits, which solved product-market fit through operational innovation rather than paid marketing. This strategic shift attracted funding from Trinity Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz, enabling the company to scale to 120 employees and thousands of daily deliveries across seven states while adhering to a zero marketing budget.

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment with Immunotherapy: Talks at GS Session Highlights

Giovanni Caforio, Laurie Glimcher, Jill O'Donnell-Tormey, Dr. Giovanni Coforio, Dr. Lori Glimcher, Jamie

Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative cancer treatment by harnessing the patient's immune system to target mutated cells through checkpoint blockade, offering a personalized alternative to the non-specific toxicity of traditional chemotherapy. Clinical trials in melanoma and lung cancer have demonstrated that this approach yields response rates exceeding 60% and has nearly eliminated the need for first-line chemotherapy in these malignancies. Looking ahead, the field aims to expand these outcomes by addressing patient non-responsiveness through strategies that personalize therapy based on unique tumor genetic profiles.

Why OCaml

Approximately a decade ago, Jane Street adopted OCaml as its primary functional programming language to secure C-like performance and rigorous type safety while maintaining development conciseness. This strategic choice serves as a filtering mechanism for hiring, attracting highly motivated engineers through a specialized one-month training program that results in a consolidated, high-performing workforce. Although the firm faces ecosystem limitations compared to mainstream languages, the implementation of a single language across its multi-billion-dollar systems enables significant code reuse and shifts the priority from empirical testing to the universal guarantees of static type checking.

Effective ML 2011 Harvard CS51 Part 1

Ron Minsky

Ron Minsky, a technical leader at Jane Street Capital, presented a comprehensive case for prioritizing code correctness and maintainability through strict OCaml design principles that leverage the type system to enforce data invariants and ensure pattern match exhaustiveness. The lecture outlined specific architectural strategies, including mandatory interfaces, uniform naming conventions, and a "reader-over-writer" philosophy, which collectively minimize cognitive load and prevent silent failures in high-stakes financial systems. Additionally, the speaker addressed immediate course logistics by extending the Moogle project description deadline and recommending simple list-based implementations to avoid unnecessary debugging complexity.

Caml Trading

Carl Curry, Ron Minsky

Jane Street Capital, a proprietary trading firm operating in four global cities, transitioned its primary development stack to the functional programming language OCaml to satisfy critical demands for absolute correctness, high performance, and code maintainability. This adoption enables the firm's 35 core developers to leverage OCaml's powerful type system and algebraic data types for static exhaustiveness checks, ensuring the rigorous standards required to process billions of dollars in daily equity trades without error. While the language presents challenges in ecosystem maturity, the firm has actively mitigated these gaps through its Jane Street Summer Project and achieved superior hiring outcomes by attracting engineers skilled in functional paradigms.

Seven Implementations of Incremental

Incremental is an internal OCaml library that efficiently refreshes large computations by modeling logic as a dependency graph, allowing localized updates when only small data subsets change. Through eight iterative development phases, the team resolved critical academic limitations regarding garbage collection and dynamic graph restructuring, culminating in a production-ready V8 implementation that achieved a threefold speedup using generalized algebraic data types. This technology successfully transformed a slow trading system frontend into the suite's fastest application and is now being explored for reactive JavaScript compilation and efficient functional data structure diffing.

Mrs. Laura Bush - A Conversation on Empowering Women in Afghanistan: Talks at GS Session Highlights

Laura Bush, Mrs. Laura Bush, Manizha Naderi, Mrs. Bush, Manisha

Former First Lady Laura Bush launched her book *We Are Afghan Women*, which chronicles the struggles and resilience of 29 Afghan women alongside activist Manisha, who details the founding of a shelter network now serving over 21,000 survivors. The work highlights how marginalized women like Manisha transformed decades of conflict into progress, establishing educational systems and advocacy groups while noting that the nation's reconstruction may take another forty years. Bush emphasizes that female civic participation is a prerequisite for national stability, drawing parallels to the 1920 U.S. suffrage movement to advocate for patient, long-term investment in Afghan women's rights.

Eddie Jones: Talks at GS Session Highlights

Eddie Jones, Ian

Former South African and Japanese rugby coach Eddie Jones transitioned his leadership style from dictatorial instruction to fostering disciplined initiative during his tenure with Japan, where he successfully guided the team from a historical one-match record to a World Cup quarterfinal appearance. His operational philosophy prioritizes continuous improvement and absolute effort over immediate results, utilizing strict protocols like canceling sessions without full commitment and validating tactical knowledge through frequent testing. By eliminating external distractions and building trust through consistent actions, Jones enabled players to operate autonomously, ultimately creating a self-sustaining culture capable of reaching their collective optimum without constant supervision.

Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War

Putin, Marvin Kalb, Jerrold Green, Gerald Greene

The 19th Annual Global Conference at the Beverly Hilton, moderated by Gerald Greene and featuring journalist Marvin Kalb, presents a comprehensive analysis of Vladimir Putin's psychological drivers and Russia's strategic miscalculations in Syria and Ukraine. Kalb argues that Western diplomatic failures, particularly regarding NATO expansion, exacerbated Russian resentment while revealing the fragility of Putin's grip on power amidst a crumbling economy and severe internal societal decay. The event concludes with a critique of the modern media's inability to hold leadership accountable and recommends immersive literary study of works like *Imperial Gamble* to better understand the historical and cultural narratives underpinning the conflict between Russia and the West.

National Geographic Society - Storytelling as an Agent of Change: Talks at GS Session Highlights

Marcus Bleasdale, Susan Goldberg, Dr. Enric Sala, Claudia Malley

At a decade-long anniversary event with National Geographic, Goldman Sachs hosted Susan Goldberg, Dr. Enric Sala, and Marcus Bleasdale to discuss the intersection of storytelling and conservation policy. Goldberg outlined a five-principle framework prioritizing urgent global issues, while Sala detailed how the Pristine Seas Project leveraged scientific data to secure a record 300,000-square-kilometer marine reserve in Chile. Bleasdale further illustrated the power of imagery by exposing the link between conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo and electronics supply chains, concluding with panelist pledges to unify global leadership on climate and sustainability.

Effectively Managing Your Small Business’s Cash Flow

Carol Roth, Will Barr, Max Eliscu, Rieva Lesonsky, Steve Strauss, Cheryl Roth, Max Elliske, Riva Lassonski

Expert panels define cash flow as the critical narrative tool for business survival, emphasizing that small business owners face the primary challenge of delayed client payments that often exceed standard Net 30 terms. To mitigate risks such as missed opportunities and payroll failures, stakeholders recommend implementing daily monitoring, maintaining a six-month operating reserve, and utilizing technology to accelerate revenue inflows. The consensus strategy for stabilizing finances involves securing lines of credit proactively and adopting the "cash flow yoga" approach of collecting payments faster than expenses are paid.