Latest Interviews

City CFOs Report from the Frontlines of Public Finance

Lois Scott, Brendan Hanlon, Jennie Huang Bennett, Elizabeth Reich, Jenny Bennett

Chicago, Dallas, and Denver successfully navigated post-pandemic fiscal crises by balancing structural deficits with strategic recovery plans, though each city faced distinct challenges regarding pension funding, sales tax volatility, and personnel costs. While Chicago directed $1.2 billion toward community safety and tech-sector growth, Dallas expanded its general fund reserves to 74 days of operations, and Denver prioritized mental health investments to address downtown vacancy rates that peaked at 30%. All three municipalities also adopted proactive cybersecurity frameworks and leveraged federal infrastructure funds to mitigate long-term risks without permanently compromising service levels.

Climate Resilient Infrastructure: A Conversation with Senator Ed Markey

Ed Markey, Melissa Roberts

Senator Markey frames the current legislative landscape as a historic opportunity to advance the Civilian Climate Corps, a proposed 300,000-person workforce initiative designed to build resilient infrastructure while providing living wages and training for underserved communities. To catalyze these efforts, he advocates for the LIFT Act and a National Climate Bank to fund pre-development projects and leverage private investment, specifically targeting environmental justice regions to achieve a 50% reduction in economy-wide emissions by 2030. Simultaneously, the Senator is maneuvering to secure the final climate provisions within the Build Back Better bill by prioritizing their passage before the State of the Union address, despite facing procedural hurdles and a lack of bipartisan consensus.

Where Do Great Startup Ideas Come From? – Dalton Caldwell and Michael Seibel

Dalton Caldwell, Michael Seibel

This presentation analyzes how Airbnb, Coinbase, and Stripe succeeded by disrupting mature markets with superior solutions despite facing intense skepticism from investors regarding market viability, regulatory hurdles, and founder inexperience. Each case study highlights how founders leveraged direct personal pain points to identify critical flaws in existing competitors, ultimately overcoming initial rejections through contrarian product strategies and unexpected timing factors like the 2008 financial crisis. The discussion concludes that successful ventures often begin with grossly underestimated market sizes, expanding significantly as new use cases emerge beyond the founders' initial vision.

What will China do in 2022?

Ed, Zannie

Xi Jinping is positioning himself for a historic third term by centralizing party power through aggressive regulatory crackdowns on the private sector and strict domestic control, which he sustains amidst rising nationalism despite ongoing human rights controversies. This consolidation coincides with a shift toward international assertiveness and a managed geopolitical standoff with the United States, where deep economic interdependence complicates traditional Cold War narratives. As tensions regarding Taiwan remain high with a significant risk of conflict within the next decade, the strategic dilemma for the Biden administration involves balancing firm security guarantees against the potential for destabilizing Asian alliances.

Antibiotic Resistance and Chronic Disease: Understanding the Challenges and Some Possible Solutions

Amanda Jezek, Jonathan Daniels, David Greenberg, Thomas Heyman, Kathy Talkington, Mark Williams, Tom Heyman

Hosted by Faster Cures in partnership with the Infectious Disease Society of America and other key organizations, this webinar examined the critical market failure hindering new antibiotic development and highlighted its severe impact on cancer, cystic fibrosis, and transplant patients. Panelists presented data showing thousands of annual deaths from antimicrobial resistance while advocating for the "Pasteur Act," a policy designed to de-link financial rewards from sales volume to incentivize the creation of novel drugs for critical pathogens. The event concluded by urging stakeholders to share personal stories and sign a letter to Congress to drive legislative action and secure funding for both antibiotic stewardship and research.

The Post-COVID Recovery: California's Lagging Employment Rate

Grace Gedye, Julian Cañete, Reign Free, Manuel Pastor, Somjita Mitra, David Lesher, Matt Horton

California's Department of Finance, labor experts, and business leaders analyze the state's persistent 7.3% unemployment rate and structural labor shortages driven by childcare gaps, early retirements, and workforce migration to inland regions. Panelists project a 3.9% to 4% employment growth rate for the coming year, contingent on federal investments in the care economy and housing affordability while addressing risks from inflation and potential political shifts. The discussion highlights a fundamental recalibration of work where demand is shifting toward non-automatable sectors like elder care and cooperative business models rather than returning to pre-pandemic norms.

The challenges facing Germany’s new leader

Olaf Scholz, Angela Merkel, Zannie Minton-Beddoes, Tom Nuttall, Jörg Lau

Germany's recent election resulted in a fragmented parliament where the SPD, led by Olaf Scholz, formed a historic three-way coalition with the Greens and the FDP to secure governance. This shift dismantled the traditional two-party dominance, placing smaller parties in pivotal roles while simultaneously reducing the parliamentary influence of extremist factions. The new administration faces immediate challenges in recalibrating foreign policy, particularly in moving away from the Merkel era's engagement strategies with China and managing internal tensions between a Social Democratic chancellor and a Green foreign minister regarding Russia.

Equity in Infrastructure Development: The Digital Divide

Jackie Botts, Michael P. Anderson, Carolyn McIntyre, Sunne McPeak, Alexandra Rosen, David Lesher, Matt Horton

Co-hosted by CalMatters and the Milken Institute, a recent forum examined the critical role of high-speed broadband in addressing California's digital divide and promoting workforce equity. The discussion highlighted that while the state approved a $6 billion investment package to fund middle-mile infrastructure and last-mile expansion, significant barriers including high costs, digital literacy gaps, and inefficient permitting processes continue to hinder access for 2 million disadvantaged households. Experts emphasized that achieving true connectivity requires a hybrid approach combining fiber and wireless solutions, alongside public-private partnerships and targeted outreach to communities skeptical of traditional internet service providers.

Should covid-19 vaccines be mandatory?

Natasha Lodo

Debate over mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policies intensifies as approximately 30% of U.S. adults remain unvaccinated, creating a polarized divide between public health advocates and those defending bodily autonomy. While jurisdictions like Italy and U.S. states such as California have implemented employer mandates and federal testing requirements, the nation lacks a uniform national strategy due to constitutional limitations and stark political opposition. Historical precedents from the smallpox era and mixed results from financial incentive programs suggest that future vaccine mandates will remain highly localized, varying significantly by state politics and legal frameworks.

Accelerating Securitization in Africa to Finance the SDGs

Alison Harwood, Lade Araba, Samuel Chasia, Juan Pablo de Mollein, John Schellhaus, Sam Chasia

The Milken Institute has launched the African Securitization Alliance, bringing together regulatory bodies from Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, and Côte d'Ivoire to mobilize private capital for Sustainable Development Goals. Participants will utilize a framework of internal and external credit enhancement mechanisms, such as tranching and third-party guarantees from entities like GARANTCo, to mitigate risk and improve market access. Upcoming activities include a specialized workshop in Ghana and a strategic shift toward replicable structures in renewable energy and affordable housing to overcome data gaps and legal barriers.

Small Business Community: What Happened to Mom and Pop?

Nigel Duara, Lenore Estrada, Isabella Casillas Guzman, Eugene Cornelius, Jr., Carolina Martinez, Mark J. Robertson, Sr., David Lesher

Co-hosted by CalMatters and the Milken Institute, this strategic discussion examined the critical recovery challenges facing California's four million small businesses with special attention to the stark disparities affecting communities of color and women-owned enterprises. Featuring newly appointed SBA Director Isabella Casillas Guzman, the event analyzed how the agency's portfolio expansion to over $1 trillion was initially skewed by banking biases, prompting a pivot toward a "Five C's" framework that prioritizes coaching, diverse capital, and community navigation to address exclusion. Looking forward, the SBA is repositioning to connect small businesses with the $500 billion federal infrastructure marketplace while implementing a $100 million Community Navigator pilot to streamline access for underserved entrepreneurs.

California: The Post-COVID Future of Work

Jackie Botts, Sarah Bohn, Rob Lapsley, David Lesher, Matt Horton, Aleida Ramirez, Lorena Gonzalez

Co-hosted by CalMatters and the Milken Institute's California Center, this panel examined how California's post-pandemic economic recovery is exacerbating racial and income inequalities despite a $75.7 billion budget surplus. Moderator Jackie Botts facilitated discussions among policymakers like Assemblymember Lorena Gonzalez, who advocated for treating child care as public infrastructure, reforming the EDD to prevent fraud, and prioritizing trade apprenticeships over traditional college degrees. The event concluded with a consensus on structural reforms for 2030, including unionized service-sector wages, expanded safety nets, and legislative changes to support remote work and essential workers who cannot telecommute.

The Future of NFTs

Chris Dixon, Dan Boneh, Ariana

Chris Dixon and Dan Bonet discuss how NFTs fundamentally shift web architecture by enabling true digital ownership and allowing creators to bypass centralized intermediaries through programmable royalty structures. The conversation details how technical advancements like the ERC-721 standard facilitate financial innovation through DeFi composability, enabling assets to be tokenized, collateralized, and traded across interoperable ecosystems. Furthermore, the speakers address long-term security protocols and storage solutions necessary to preserve these digital assets indefinitely while noting the current adoption barriers faced by regulated institutional collectors.

Is Myanmar a failed state?

Following a February 1st military coup that has resulted in over 780 deaths and 3,800 arrests, the junta has detained de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi on multiple charges while facing a nascent civil war as the Bamar majority joins ethnic militias in armed resistance. Although international sanctions and diplomatic pressure from the West have targeted senior generals, robust intervention remains blocked by veto power wielded by China and Russia, who prioritize regional infrastructure and strategic arms sales. Consequently, Myanmar risks becoming a failed state plagued by collapsing health systems, uncontrolled drug production, and cross-border refugee flows, while the military inherits a devastated economy despite its current control.

Lessons Learned from COVID-19: Are There Silver Linings for Biomedical Innovation?

Esther Krofah, Francis Collins, Richard Moscicki, Ellen Sigal, Janet Woodcock

Hosted by Faster Cures, a webinar convened NIH officials and industry leaders to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic's acceleration of biomedical innovation, highlighting achievements such as the ACTIV partnership's master protocols and the RADx initiative's diagnostic scaling. The discussion detailed how the crisis forced a shift toward competitive collaboration, decentralized trials, and the successful achievement of diverse vaccine trial enrollment, while simultaneously exposing critical infrastructure gaps in clinical trial execution and real-world data integration. Panelists concluded with a consensus that emergency-driven reforms must be institutionalized through permanent policy changes and public-private partnerships to sustain preparedness for future health threats.