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2025 outlook: Will tailwinds trump tariffs?

Jan Hatzius, Dominic Wilson, Yann, Dom, Tom, David, Alec, Dami, Yuan

Forecasts project U.S. real GDP growth at 2.5% for 2025, driven by real wage gains and moderate financial conditions, while maintaining a 15% recession probability. The outlook hinges on tariff scenarios, where base case assumptions assume limited trade barriers, though a full across-the-board tariff risk could reduce growth by one percentage point and raise inflation toward 3%. Consequently, investors are advised to hedge equity concentration risks with non-U.S. bonds and options while anticipating Federal Reserve rate cuts that target a federal funds range of 3.25% to 3.5% by late 2025.