The Economist

How does raising interest rates control inflation?

Central banks globally utilize interest rate hikes to curb inflation by increasing borrowing costs, yet this strategy faces a historic challenge where reducing inflation above 5% without triggering a recession has not occurred in over 70 years. While the mechanism effectively dampens spending through variable mortgages and business investment, fixed-rate markets and implementation lags of up to two years create complex economic disparities and risks of over-correction. Ultimately, policymakers aim to anchor expectations at a 2% target, balancing the immediate pain of higher costs against the severe historical precedent of the 1981 recession that required rates to reach 19%.

War in Ukraine: how has the world changed?

The ongoing conflict represents the most significant geopolitical shift since the Cold War, fundamentally altering global security dynamics, European defense postures, and transatlantic unity while exposing Russia's military weaknesses and economic fragility. Global markets face amplified inflation and supply chain disruptions, prompting a long-term restructuring of trade networks and driving China to develop defensive strategies against Western financial sanctions. Meanwhile, Ukraine has demonstrated unexpected resilience with credible victory prospects, potentially accelerating the collapse of the Russian regime and forcing a reconfiguration of the international order where two-thirds of the world remains neutral or supportive of Moscow.

China in Africa: should the West be worried?

Bright Akwe, Papa Star Times, Gadi Epstein, John McDermott

Since the 1960s, China has deployed billions in infrastructure financing and military expansion to forge deep strategic bonds across Africa, securing control over critical assets ranging from railways in Zambia to a permanent naval base in Djibouti. This approach, facilitated primarily by state-owned banks and opaque lending terms, has generated approximately $160 billion in African debt while enabling Beijing to leverage financial dependencies for diplomatic support and media influence. Although Western nations criticize these tactics as debt-trap diplomacy, the strategy simultaneously entrenches Chinese geopolitical power through leading roles in telecommunications and defense equipment sales.

Could Ethiopia’s war in Tigray spark conflict with Sudan?

Sudan and Ethiopia are engaged in a volatile border confrontation over the fertile Al-Fashaga region, where Sudanese forces seized territory from Ethiopian farmers following the collapse of a 2008 treaty during Ethiopia's 2020 Tigray civil war. This territorial dispute has intensified amid wider regional tensions involving the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, prompting Sudan to align with Egypt in the "Guardians of the Nile" military operation. Despite the involvement of multiple armed factions and failed international mediation, experts continue to advocate for an African Union-led process to resolve the crisis and prevent a broader regional escalation.

War in Ukraine: the emerging global food crisis

Arkady, Ed, Shashank, Sasha Nauta

The ongoing war in Ukraine is precipitating a global food crisis by blocking critical export routes through Odessa, destroying domestic harvests, and disrupting fertilizer supplies, which threatens hundreds of millions in nations like Egypt and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Simultaneously, the prospective NATO accession of Sweden and Finland is expected to significantly strengthen Baltic security through Finland's substantial artillery capabilities, despite President Vladimir Putin leveraging the expansion to fuel narratives of Russian encirclement. This geopolitical shift occurs against the backdrop of US legislative uncertainty regarding escalating aid packages and potential changes in Washington's strategic posture ahead of the 2024 presidential election, raising concerns among European allies about future burden-sharing.

Why oligarchs choose London for their dirty money

Following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the British government intensified sanctions to dismantle the "Londongrad" phenomenon, targeting the accumulation of tens of billions of pounds in luxury assets by Russian oligarchs. This strategy confronts systemic vulnerabilities established since the 1950s, including low-cost shell company formations and "golden visas" that facilitated the placement of an estimated £41 billion in empty London properties. Although recent legislative measures have scrapped these visas and introduced a delayed economic crime bill to curb money laundering, critics warn that the UK lacks the sustained political will to address corruption risks from non-Russian sources.

Press freedom: why you should be worried

Daphne Galizia, Avantika Chalkoti, Rana Ayyub, Rebecca Vincent, Matthew, Corinne, Veronika Munk, Sebald Stuhl

Global press freedom is facing severe erosion in both authoritarian regimes and established democracies, evidenced by a rise in journalist murders, the misuse of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs), and systemic financial bullying. Prominent cases such as the legal persecution of Indian journalist Rana Ayyub and the consolidation of media under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's government in Hungary illustrate how authorities employ subtle tactics to silence critics. In response to these threats, initiatives like the European Commission's directive to dismiss SLAPPs and the creation of reader-funded outlets like Telex demonstrate emerging strategies to maintain independent reporting despite restricted resources and intimidation.

Rape in the British military: women speak out

Rebecca, Emma Norton, Lucy, Jean, Graham House, Anne-Marie Element

Following a 2021 parliamentary inquiry that documented systemic sexual harassment and bullying among British military women through over 4,000 testimonies, the government introduced reforms to strengthen dismissal powers and separate investigations from the chain of command. Despite these measures, conviction rates for rape remain significantly lower in military courts than civilian ones, and critics maintain that the military culture of impunity persists because key recommendations like transferring cases to civilian authorities have not been fully adopted. Consequently, victims continue to face severe psychological trauma and career risks, as the institution's internal incentives prioritize reputation over justice.

Dr Fauci: follow the science

Dr Fauci, Dr Anthony Fauci, Edward Carr, Sasha Nauta

Former NIH Director Dr. Anthony Fauci reflected on his seven-presidency tenure and the unprecedented polarization he faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, where he prioritized scientific evidence over political alignment despite enduring misinformation and death threats. He described a toxic shift in public discourse that forced him to correct presidential claims, resulting in severe attacks from far-right groups and a disturbing rise in hostility toward the scientific community. Fauci concluded by urging the next generation of researchers to remain engaged in public service to counteract this erosion of institutional trust and objective fact.

Climate change technology: is shading the earth too risky?

Catherine Braille

Proponents of solar geoengineering, including Harvard scientist David Keith, argue that reflecting sunlight into space is a necessary supplement to emission cuts for protecting vulnerable populations from extreme heat, while critics like the Sámi Council and experts such as Raymond Pierre Humbert warn that the technology creates severe ethical hazards, including moral hazard, indigenous rights violations, and geopolitical conflict. Tensions intensified after the Sámi Council successfully pressured Sweden's space agency to cancel a 2021 Harvard balloon test over their territory, highlighting the fundamental disagreement over whether research should proceed to mitigate "termination shock" risks or be halted to preserve global climate action integrity. As scientists explore localized solutions like marine cloud brightening on the Great Barrier Reef, the debate remains centered on establishing equitable governance frameworks to manage the technology's uncertain side effects and potential for catastrophic regional disruption.

Crypto: a beginner’s guide

Mathieu Favard, Alice Fullwood, Helen Joyce

This presentation defines cryptocurrency as a decentralized system using blockchain technology to validate transactions without intermediaries, detailing the mining process that secures networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It distinguishes unique assets from standard tokens by explaining Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and traces the origins of industry slang such as "hodler" within the market's volatile culture. The discussion ultimately contextualizes the sector as a complex landscape where technical innovation in finance coexists with significant concerns regarding fraud, environmental impact, and narrative cycles.

War in Ukraine: The Economist interviews Tony Blair

Tony Blair, Zanny Minton Beddoes

Former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair characterized Vladimir Putin as a detached autocrat who has dismantled Russian democracy to build personal wealth while predicting his eventual downfall and Ukraine's future integration into the European Union. Blair critiqued Western strategic retreat in Africa and the Middle East, arguing that bureaucratic inefficiency has allowed China and Russia to expand their influence despite local preferences for Western ties. He urged Europe to accept short-term economic sacrifices to supply Ukraine with offensive weaponry and warned that the 21st century's defining geopolitical challenge lies in managing the United States' complex relationship with China without pushing Beijing into an alignment with Moscow.

Why the French are fed up (and what it means for Macron)

Macron, Marine Le Pen, Bidon Hosseur, Denis Chatelain, Grégoire Courtois

Emmanuel Macron is projected to win re-election in 2022 despite facing a fragmented political landscape marked by the collapse of traditional parties and a surge in support for populist figures like Marine Le Pen and Éric Zemmour. Although his administration has delivered rising incomes and a robust post-pandemic economic recovery, three-quarters of French citizens perceive the country as being in decline due to deep-seated grievances over cost of living, immigration, and a perceived disconnect between urban prosperity and rural stagnation. A second term would make him the first French president in two decades to be re-elected, yet governing with a mandate from a fed-up population that views the mainstream options as default choices presents significant challenges for future reform.

Election polling: why is it so difficult?

The presentation traces the evolution of election polling from unrepresentative 19th-century straw polls to modern scientific standards established after the 1936 Literary Digest failure and the 2016 U.S. state-level errors. It details how contemporary forecasting models combine polling data with economic fundamentals and run millions of simulations to generate probabilistic outcomes, a methodology successfully tested during the 2022 French presidential election. Ultimately, the analysis emphasizes that while these models cannot achieve perfect accuracy due to inherent sampling limitations and unforeseen external events, they provide increasingly reliable predictions as historical data accumulates.

Cash from trash: could it clean up the world?

Arthur Huang, Adriane

Amidst global waste generation reaching 2.2 billion tonnes in 2021, the event highlights MiniWiz's economic upcycling of discarded materials into high-value construction modules and the circular economy successes of Taiwan's strict waste management regulations. It contrasts these industrial and municipal innovations with individual behavioral shifts that can reduce household output by 99%, while noting that current technological advancements like the AI-driven Trashpresso address only a fraction of the crisis. Experts conclude that overcoming the dominant linear production model requires a generational shift in societal consumption habits, as only 8.6% of the global economy currently operates on circular principles.